| Cite this article as: Zhang Zhi-Qiang,Ye Ling-Yun,Lu Ya-Nan,Wang Ping-Ping. Vortex structures in the ground state of a rapidly rotating two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates [J]. J. At. Mol. Phys.(原子与分子物理学报), 2026, 43: 056004 (in Chinese) |
| Vortex structures in the ground state of a rapidly rotating two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates |
| Hits 252 Download times 4 Received:April 21, 2025 Revised:May 09, 2025 |
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| DOI
10.19855/j.1000-0364.2026.056004 |
| Key Words
Two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates Vortex structures Rapidly rotating Multigrid preconditioned conjugate gradient method |
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| Abstract
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| The vortex structures in the ground state of a two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a quadratic-plus-quartic potential were numerically investigated using the multigrid preconditioned conjugate gradient method. The results indicate that as the rotational frequency increases, a central hole forms in the condensate, leading to an annular distribution. The spatial extent of this annular distribution expands while its width continuously decreases. The number of vortices in the condensate first increases significantly, then decreases, and subsequently increases again. The vortex structure in the ground state evolves from a four-layer ring configuration into a single-ring structure, attributed to the centrifugal effect induced by rapid rotation and the strong confinement of the external potential. With an increase in the interaction strength between atoms, the width of the annular distribution broadens, and the central hole shrinks until it eventually closes completely. The vortex structure transitions from a four-layer nested arrangement to a six-layer nested one. The number of vortices initially rises sharply but then stabilizes. The reason is that the increase in the interaction strength between atoms effectively counteract the centrifugal force generated by high-speed rotation, causing the central hole to diminish and eventually close. Additionally, the formation and annihilation of vortices become more difficult, leading to a stabilization in the number of vortices within the condensate. |
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